Daily top-layer (~ 0-2 cm) soil moisture derived from AMSR-E sensor aboard Aqua satellite. The data are from the VUA (Free University of Amsterdam) and derived using the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) of Owe, M., R. de Jeu, and T. Holmes (2008), Multisensor historical climatology of satellite-derived global land surface moisture, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F01002, doi:10.1029/2007JF000769. The daily product is generated for Australia using the just the and descending passes. The data are resampled using nearest neighbour resampling to 0.05 degree resolution for the whole country.

Daily top-layer (~ 0-2 cm) soil moisture derived from ASCAT sensor aboard Metop-A. The data are from the TUW (Technical University of Vienna) and derived using the time series approach of Wagner, Wolfgang; Lemoine, Guido; Rott, Helmut (1999): A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS scatterometer and soil data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 70(2), 191-207, doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00036-X. The daily product is generated for Australia using the average of ascending and descending passes. The data are resampled using nearest neighbour resampling to 0.05 degree resolution for the whole country.

Monthly mean daily vapour pressure of each month, for the Australian continent between 1970-2016. Daily vapour pressure regulates evaporation rates and water need and use. Modelled using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5.

Annual radiation of coldest month for the Australian continent. Modelled by using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5 to fit trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation. Station elevations were 0.05 degree local averages of grid values from the GEODATA 9 second DEM version 3 as provided by eMAST_ANUClimate_fx_el05_v1m0.

Daily total precipitation for Australian continent between 1970-2014. Daily rainfall totals are useful for estimation of soil moisture for plant growth and surface runoff via soil water balance modelling. Modelled by expressing each daily value, including zero rainfall, as a normalised anomaly with respect to the gridded 1976-2005 mean for each month, as provided by ANUClimate_v1-0_rain_monthly-mean_0-01deg_1976-2005. The daily anomalies were interpolated by trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5. Station elevations were 0.05 degree local averages of grid values from the GEODATA 9 second DEM version 3 as provided by ANUClimate_v1-0_dem05_terrain_0-01deg. There was an average of 6384 Bureau of Meteorology data points per day between 1970 and 2014. The mean absolute value of all individual cross validation residuals provided by the spline analysis is 0.95 mm (50% of the overall mean). Extreme studentised residuals clearly identified data errors associated with unrecognised missing values, unrecognised accumulated values, and values recorded on the wrong (usually preceding) day. There were on average around 5 such extreme residuals per day. The rainfall occurrence of the individual cross validated days agrees with the rainfall occurrence of 91% of all days of record, where daily rainfall occurrence is defined as daily rainfall exceeding 0.2 mm. A comprehensive assessment of the analysis and the factors contributing to the quality of the final interpolated monthly rainfall grids is in preparation.

Annual radiation of driest month for the Australian continent. Modelled by using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5 to fit trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation. Station elevations were 0.05 degree local averages of grid values from the GEODATA 9 second DEM version 3 as provided by eMAST_ANUClimate_fx_el05_v1m0.

Monthly mean total precipitation for the Australian continent between 1976-2005. Modelled by fitting a trivariate thin plate smoothing spline function of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation to the square roots of observed and estimated monthly 1976-2005 rainfall means at 11,697 Bureau of Meteorology stations. Missing monthly precipitation values were estimated by regression with the long term station that provided estimates of the 1976-2005 monthly means with with the least standard error. This was applied to each station with at least 10 years of record between 1931 and 2012. Automated quality controls were applied to the regression process to remove poor quality data. Thus, an average of 66 values per month were removed, giving an average of 11631 data points for each month. These were commonly associated with stations with an old or short period of record, or with an imprecise location. Station elevations were 0.05 degree local averages of grid values from the GEODATA 9 second DEM version 3 as provided by eMAST_ANUClimate_fx_el05_v1m0. The mean absolute error of individual cross validation residuals provided by the spline analysis at 3518 stations with near complete records, of at least 28 years, is 3.9 mm (6.6% of the mean). A comprehensive assessment of the analysis and the factors contributing to the quality of the final interpolated monthly mean precipitation grids is in preparation.

Mean daily vapour pressure for the Australian continent between 1970-2014. Daily vapour pressure regulates evaporation rates and water need and use. Modelled by expressing each daily value as a difference anomaly with respect to the gridded 1976-2005 monthly mean daily vapour pressures as provided by eMAST_ANUClimate_mmn_vp_v1m0_1976_2005. The daily anomalies were interpolated by trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5. There was an average of 382 Bureau of Meteorology data points available for each day between 1970 and 2014. Automated quality assessment rejected on average 4 data values per day with extreme studentised residuals. Cross validation residuals for all accepted data points had a mean absolute value of 0.51 HPa and a root mean square value of 1.02 HPa. These corresponded to relative errors of around 7% and 11% respectively. A comprehensive assessment of the analysis and the factors contributing to the quality of the final interpolated daily vapour pressure grids is in preparation.

Annual radiation of wettest month for the Australian continent. Modelled by using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5 to fit trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and vertically exaggerated elevation. Station elevations were 0.05 degree local averages of grid values from the GEODATA 9 second DEM version 3 as provided by eMAST_ANUClimate_fx_el05_v1m0.

Mean daily incident solar radiation of each month, for the Australian continent between 1970-2016. Monthly solar radiation regulates rates of plant growth. Modelled by expressing observed monthly solar radiation as normalised anomalies with respect to a standard Angstrom equation that expresses monthly solar radiation in terms of astonomically determined parameters and relative sunshine duration, as described in Hutchinson et al. (1984). The monthly anomalies were interpolated by trivariate thin plate smoothing spline functions of longitude, latitude and the proportion of wet days in the month using ANUSPLIN Version 4.5. This anomaly method provided a more direct, and more statistically robust, representation of the impact of precipitation on solar radiation than the method described in Hutchinson et al. (1984). The proportion of wet days, as provided by ANUClimate_v1-0_rainfall-proportion-greater-than-threshold_monthly_0-01deg_1970-2016, acted as simple surrogate for relative sunshine duration. There were on average 645 observed solar radiation totals for each month between 1970 and 1996 at 64 stations across Australia obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology. Automated quality assessment rejected on average 9 data values per month with extreme studentised residuals. The root mean square of all individual cross validation residuals provided by the spline analysis is 1.15 MJ m-2 day-1 (6% of the mean). A comprehensive assessment of the analysis and the factors contributing to the quality of the final interpolated monthly solar radiation grids is in preparation.